Given an i.i.d. sequence of n letters from a finite alphabet, we consider the length of the longest run of any letter. In the equiprobable case, results for this run turn out to be closely related to the well-known results for the longest run of a given letter. For coin-tossing, tail probabilities are compared for both kinds of RUNS via Poisson approximation

Introduction & Objective: Trauma is one of the leading causes of children death after 1 year old. Providing that, pre-hospital emergency care for children is still a health problem. Current study was conducted with the aim of assessment of causes, and early outcomes of pediatric ambulance RUNS in Tehran. Materials & Methods: Current study was a cross, sectional study. All ambulance RUNS for patients under 16 years between 4 months during 2005 and 2006 was assessed for demographic data, cause of call and very early outcomes. Results: In 335 calls, the cause of EMS call was pediatrics trauma. From these, 211 (63%) was for males. Mean (+ SD) age was 11.35 ± 3.65. Traffic accidents was the cause in 197 (58.5%), 9 subjects (5.1%) died before ambulance arrival, but no one died in the way to the hospital. Mean response time was 14.75 ± 6.29. Response time was significantly shorter in those who survived to hospital (18.4 ± 3.8 vs. 14.6 ± 6.6, p=0.05). Conclusions: In Tehran, one from 3 of ambulance RUNS for pediatric patients is due to trauma. This highlights the need for planning of health care providers in order to improve health care services in this field. Although the time intervals for ambulance arrival are somewhat accepted in comparison to some countries, but it is still far from the standards and recommended levels. According to this study shortening the response time can improve prehospital survival.

In this study, an attempt is made to analyse some 14 conversations from contemporary Parsian within the framework of some principles of pragmatics propsed by Grice (1975) and Leech (1983). By doing so, the author has followed a two fold aim: first he wanted to single out the importance of sociopragmatic factors in the analysis of linguistic forms. Second he wished to account for the complexities in the lingustic behariour of Persian speakers. It was argued that since linguistic behaviour has its roots in some more profound social conventions, any linguistic study in and analysis of conversntions, in particular, without considering these conuentions is doomed to inconsistency and failure.

Given a sequence of letters generated independently from a finite alphabet, we consider the case when more than one, but not all, letters are generated with the highest probability. The length of the longest run of any of these letters is shown to be one greater than the length of the longest run in a particular state of an associated Markov chain. Using results of Foulser and Karlin (1987), a conjecture of a previous paper (Smythe, 2003) concerning the expectation of this length is verified.

In this article, we introduce three new distribution-free Shewhart-type control charts that exploit run and Wilcoxon-type rank-sum statistics to detect possible shifts of a monitored process is introduced. Exact formulae for the alarm rate, the run length distribution, and the average run length (ARL) are all derived. A key advantage of these charts is that, due to their nonparametric nature, the false alarm rate (FAR) and in-control run length distribution is the same for all continuous process distributions. Tables are provided for the implementation of the charts for some typical FAR values. Furthermore, a numerical study carrited out reveals that the new charts are quite flexible and efficient in detecting shifts to Lehmann-type out-of-control situations.Statistical quality control charts were introduced in the early work of Shewhart (1926) and since then several variations of them have been proposed for monitoring continuous characteristics. Most of the control charts are distribution-based procedures in the sense that the process output is assumed to follow a specified probability distribution (usually normal); see, for example, Albers et al. (2004).

This article aims to identify indicators affecting bank RUNS for their modeling in the banking industry (to predict, prevent, prepare, restrain, recover, improve, learn, and increase accuracy in bank run processes). For this purpose, the data extracted by the researchers from their previous research, which was collected with the theme analysis method, was used to test the 20 main indicators of this model using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). Economic crises, microeconomic problems, and tax laws are the most effective indicators of a bank run. The lack of management of the 8 triggers intensifies the political crisis. With neglect and lack of planning in curbing previous crises, internal technology disruptions and technology crises occur. Ultimately, the combined pressure of the three previous crises brings the final blow to the social structure, and a social crisis occurs. It is suggested that banks use the proposed model of this research by forming bank-run management in their organizational chart and considering the 3 actions of pre-bank run, during bank run, and after bank run, the process of preparing and managing any emergency or unexpected situation. Plan the banks' business, shareholders, employees, customers, and income. Bank-run management helps banks maintain their professional reputation with customers, competitors, and industry managers during and after a crisis, ultimately increasing productivity during and after a crisis.

RUNS of homozygosity (ROH) stretches are continuous homozygous fragments of the genome, which are more suitable for calculating genomic inbreeding, identifying footprints involved in economic traits and understanding population history in livestock species. In this study, using a dataset of Ovine SNP50 BeadChip genotypes, the distribution of ROH across the nine different sheep populations (Soay n= 110, Australian Poll Dorset n=108, Australian Suffolk, n=109, Finn sheep, n= 99 , Scottish Texel, n= 80 , Scottish Blackface, n= 56 , Galway, n= 49 , Border Leicester, n= 48 , German Texel, n=46) from Europe were investigated. ROHs were detected by used PLINK v1.09 with the minimal number of SNPs in ROH was set to 40; the maximal gap between the adjacent SNPs was set1 to Mb; the minimum SNP density per ROH was set to 1/100 kb and no heterozygote allowed less than 16 Mb. The detected ROHs were specified based on length to four categories: 1–4 Mb, 4–8 Mb, 8–16 Mb and above 16 Mb. A total of 22,204 ROHs were identified, in which ~ 92 – 98 % of them were less than 16 Mb in length, which covered 4.6% to 12.9% of the entire genome. The inbreeding coefficient based on ROH (FROH) varied among populations (ranging from 0.05 to 0.14). The highest inbreeding rate was found in Border Leicester and Soay breeds. In addition, we detected 90 possible ROH Islands that were overlapped with candidate genes associated with different economic traits such as; body weight, meat production, fat deposition, horn-less, and coat color in sheep. Our results suggest that although genetic selection for meat and wool traits in these breeds have been extensively carried out for the last decades, the autozygotic proportion of their genome is still considerably low, and it could lead an acceptable response to selection in breeding schemes.

Introduction and Objective: Sheep are considered one of the essential livestock with the high ability to adapt to different climates, and a breed diversity was observed in Iran. As a result of different selections, some genomic regions have acquire high purity called RUNS of Homozygosity (ROH). By examining these regions in the genome of sheep, the goals of selection in these breeds can be followed and the genes present in these regions can be identified. Material and Methods: For this purpose, the whole-genome sequencing data from 28 samples of Iranian sheep, including Afshar, Ghezel, Karakul, Moghani, Makui, Baluchi, Gray, and Shal breeds, were downloaded from the NCBI database. After quality checking and trimming, high-quality reads were aligned to the sheep reference genome by BWA software. Then the variants were identified and filtered using VCFtools software, a VCF file containing information related to SNPs was created for more analysis. At the end of the analysis, homozygous strands were extracted, and finally, the genes related to these regions were identified. Results: Based on the results of PCA, the samples related to Iranian sheep breeds were divided into three categories, the first group includes the Karakul and Baluchi breeds (KB), the second group includes the Moghani and Makui breeds (MM), and the third group includes the Shal, Ghezel, Afshari and Gray breeds (SGAG). According to the results of the analysis, ROH areas for KB, MM, and SGAG populations have 419 (52.375 areas per person), 139 (23.17 areas per person), and 876 (62.57 areas per person) ROH areas, respectively. Also, 6 and 17 common ROH (at least two samples) were identified in KB and SGAG populations, respectively. We could not find a common ROH for the MM population. Annotating the sharing ROHs leads to identifying 99 and 173 protein-coding genes within these genomic regions for the KB and SGAG populations, respectively. The results of gene ontology analysis showed that most of these genes are involved in processes such as energy and fat metabolism (FLCN, ELOVL3, STK3, SREBF1, and NCOR1) as well as the growth and development of muscle tissue and meat quality (MYL6 and TMOD1). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it could be concluded that there is a high level of diversity and crossbreeding in the native sheep breeds that could be used for different breeding goals and producing breeds with appropriate production. On the other hand, the candidate genes identified in this research also accelerate the time to achieve breeding goals in these breeds.